Jesse Laymon, the author
Since Mayor de Blasio unveiled his new target of creating 100,000 new middle class jobs for New Yorkers -- jobs that pay “at least $50,000 a year” -- many have raised questions as to how the de Blasio administration plans to reach that goal. Is this promise just a repackaging of existing job creation or a genuine new effort to invest in growing New York’s middle class?
We in the city’s workforce development community have an answer that would allow Mayor de Blasio to hit this new goal while making real progress towards reducing inequality in New York: don’t count up corporate promises and ribbon cuttings, but focus on graduations and job placements.
That’s because there are two divergent visions for what it means for a local leader to “create jobs” – one that involves questionable accounting of the dubious effects of tax credits and new job sites, and one that involves direct investment in the local residents who can be prepared to fill skilled job openings across the city.
Too often when local governments talk about creating jobs, they’re really talking about moving them around: making a deal with a big employer to trim a tax bill in exchange for the announcement of a new or improved facility located within municipal borders. But when ordinary citizens talk about the need to create jobs, we aren’t talking about the need to count employees whose office moved from Jersey City to Queens or from Chelsea to Sunset Park. We’re talking about helping people who are currently unemployed or underemployed lift themselves up out of poverty with a good-paying job.
To shift the machinery of government from the former to the latter, Mayor de Blasio must first make a change within his administration. Currently, too much of the talk -- and the policy-making -- around “creating jobs” is centered on how to use city-owned property and subsidize new developments. That perpetuates the problem of counting job sites, even new job openings, instead of counting newly employed New Yorkers.
Instead, the mayor should focus on investments in the people themselves, by empowering his Mayor’s Office of Workforce Development (WkDev), an entity whose entire mission is focused on the city’s workers.
If WkDev were given the responsibility for achieving the mayor’s 100,000 jobs promise, and used its authority to coordinate the alphabet soup of city agencies that help unemployed and low-income jobseekers get the training they need, he could achieve his goal in a way that truly reduced inequality. WkDev already has the blueprint to achieve these goals: the city’s 2014 “Career Pathways” plan for investing in job training is a good one, but it sits largely unfunded and lacks a mandate for implementation by those city agencies.
Second, the city needs to get on track towards meeting its most urgent Career Pathways budgetary promise – funding bridge programs. These are hybrid education/job skills courses that help people whose current educational or skills levels are too low to qualify them for immediate job placement or advanced skills courses. For example, a course for English-language learners that teaches English through a focus on healthcare, to prepare its graduates for open positions as home health aides. Or a high-school equivalency course with a focus on the math needed for technology jobs, set up to feed its graduates into an advanced tech skills program with a great track record for high-quality job placements. These bridge programs can launch people into a middle-class career track that they otherwise would be blocked from reaching.
The 2014 plan pledged to devote $60 million annually by 2020 to these courses, but as of the FY 2018 budget the de Blasio administration had only invested about one-tenth that amount. Laying out a funding plan to reach that $60 million target by 2020 would go a long way towards helping currently under-skilled New Yorkers envision a future where they are filling one of the 100,000 good new jobs created by this administration.
Equipping local residents to fill high-quality new jobs won’t be easy; it requires real investment in the city’s own people. But if the administration uses the tools at its disposal, it will take an important step to reducing income inequality in New York.
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Jesse Laymon is the Director of Policy at the NYC Employment and Training Coalition. On Twitter @JesseLaymon & @NYCETC_org.
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Mayor de Blasio & co. (photo: Michael Appleton/Mayor's Office)
Thanks to aggressive policies and programs over the past decade, the adult smoking rate declined significantly in New York City, from 21.5% in 2002 to 14.0% in 2010. However, to maintain these gains we need to continue to update our tobacco control policies to respond to an ever-changing market where tobacco company strategy attempts to circumvent current regulations.
As a physician whose primary practice involves helping New Yorkers quit smoking, I strongly support the four bills proposed by New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio and City Council members to strengthen the city’s tobacco control policies.
I have seen firsthand the many challenges smokers face when trying to quit. On top of the addictive properties of tobacco products, New Yorkers who smoke are faced with a retail environment that creates cues to smoke on every corner. The widespread availability of tobacco products in retail outlets, along with extensive marketing at the retail point-of-sale, is designed to attract new tobacco users, discourage quitting and create a normative environment that makes tobacco use acceptable and even makes it desirable. To reduce smoking, we cannot simply focus on the individual smoker: we must also change an environment that encourages young people to initiate tobacco use and blocks efforts by smokers to quit. This package of bills moves New York City closer to that goal.
Individually, each of these bills represents an effective method for addressing gaps in current policies. Implemented together, they represent a powerful, comprehensive and synergistic approach to addressing multiple aspects of the retail environment that undermine tobacco tax policy and create environmental triggers to smoke.
One bill would limit new licenses to sell tobacco products, setting caps for retail outlets to sell tobacco products in community districts. It responds to strong evidence that a high-density retail environment in residential neighborhoods is associated with recent initiation of tobacco use among young adults and greater difficulty quitting among smokers.
Another bill in the package prohibits pharmacies or retail stores that contain pharmacies from selling cigarettes and electronic cigarettes, which will act synergistically with the previous bill to further reduce retail density. In 2014, CVS led the way in ending the sale of cigarettes and tobacco products saying that it was “inconsistent with our purpose – helping people on their path to better health.” Although an important step, other national chains have not adopted this policy, creating the need for government action.
There is precedent and evidence supporting the pharmacy ban. Other cities have already passed similar bills—backed by high levels of public support—and subsequent studies demonstrated the link between these bans and reduced retail density in communities.
Finally, the proposal to establish price floors for cigarette packages, other tobacco products and non-tobacco shisha, and to establish taxes on previously untaxed tobacco products, will reduce the likelihood that smokers switch from cigarettes to cheaper products. This will create a tax and price environment that will reduce youth initiation of tobacco use and encourage people to quit.
Unfortunately, the tobacco epidemic is not static. New products are introduced at an alarming rate, the tobacco industry continues to look for loopholes to circumvent tobacco policies, and sometimes policies have unintended consequences that need to be remedied. To continue to achieve our prevention and cessation goals, we must be proactive and keep pace with this changing environment by introducing new laws to fill gaps in current policies, particularly when the evidence points us in the right direction.
The evidence-based policy package put forth by Mayor de Blasio and City Council members represents a tremendous step forward for New York City’s efforts to meet the National Healthy People 2020 goal of 12% smoking prevalence and, most importantly, will prevent individuals—especially young people—from picking up a habit that is much easier to start than to stop.
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Donna Shelley, MD, MPH is an associate professor of Medicine and Population Health at NYU School of Medicine and leads the smoking cessation service at NYU Langone Medical Center’s Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center and directs NYC Treats Tobacco, which helps healthcare organizations help their patients quit. Dr. Shelley has conducted research on health disparities related to tobacco use for over 15 years.
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the authors: Eric Adams, at podium, & Daniel Squadron, to his right (Erica Sherman/Brooklyn BP's Office)
In April, Mayor de Blasio announced a new initiative aimed at closing the gap in early childhood education, 3-K for All. The rollout, beginning in historically under-resourced communities like Brownsville and the South Bronx, is projected to provide a seat for every three-year-old living in those parts of the city by fall 2018 – some 1,800 kids. This big step on the road to expanding early childhood development programming across the city is a culmination of years of research and advocacy from civic organizations, community leaders, and think tanks.
Our city is and always has been a place of immense opportunities for academic enrichment, personal fulfillment, and prosperity. But for too long, and for too many, those possibilities have remained out of reach. Unfortunately, disparities begin early in life – and often even before birth.
Research has shown that 90 percent of physical brain development occurs in the first three years of life, and cognitive studies demonstrate the lasting impact of sustained investment in infants’ emotional, mental, and social development. There is also strong evidence that children in home visiting and early childhood programs have decreased criminal justice system involvement, teenage pregnancy rates, special education needs, and social safety net service utilization; with increased high school success and college attendance, as well as maternal employment rates and income. Not only can early childhood investments lead to decreased public expenditure on social services -- they can actually result in increased tax revenues later in life too.
In 2015, we jointly launched the Early Childhood Development Task Force. The Task Force comprised a broad coalition of advocates, community stakeholders, and local hospitals, with an aim to promote the healthy growth of Brooklyn’s youngest, along with their families, as well as help expand existing evidence-based development programs. Partners such as Healthy Families New York (HFNY), Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP), Parents-as-Teachers (PAT), and the Parent-Child Home Program (PCHP) shared crucial information, including difficulties in sharing service information and increasing utilization, especially in many target neighborhoods.
Our findings, released in February of this year, demonstrate the impact of early life interventions on school readiness, emotional and social development, family health, economic growth, and public safety. The evidence is clear: engaging mothers before they give birth through the most formative years results in positive impacts on children’s lives. But to realize the litany of benefits, increased investment and information sharing is critical.
It is crucial that all parents receive information on the availability of resources in their own communities. A multilingual campaign to empower communities with increased information, including resource guides of early childhood services available for parents and guardians and online maps and tools to provide data on nursery and pre-K seat availability in communities where there are an abundance of seats but low participation rates would all be important steps.
In addition, targeted workshops for community leaders including local clergy can help engage and inform hard-to-reach communities about resources available to parents. And, the truth is, this is one area where increased investment should be an easy sell -- since it will more than pay for itself, in lives improved and dollars saved.
3-K for All moves us in the right direction, but we must be even more ambitious about delivering comprehensive early childhood development. We must offer universal services to eligible families before a child is born -- and then continue them from birth to 3-K and onward. This is how we will make the biggest difference for families, not just in their first years of school, but all the way to college, career and beyond.
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Eric Adams currently serves as Brooklyn’s Borough President. Daniel Squadron currently serves as State Senator for the 26th District covering the Brooklyn Waterfront and Lower Manhattan. On Twitter @BPEricAdams and @DanielSquadron.
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